-
Effect of Decision Variables on Irrigation Performance Parameters Under Different Irrigation Systems
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
50-55
Received:
15 July 2021
Accepted:
26 July 2021
Published:
2 August 2021
Abstract: Furrow irrigation has low irrigation performances due to inescapable irrigation water loss through runoff and deep percolation. This study was conducted under small farmers to study combined influence of furrow irrigation flow rate and irrigation systems on irrigation performance parameters. The purposes of study were to evaluate outcome of furrow irrigation flow rate and irrigation systems on application efficiency, distribution efficiency, storage efficiency and deep percolation loss using field experiment. The field experiment had two factors of three furrow irrigation system (AFI, FFI & CFI) and four furrow irrigation inflow rate (Q1, Q2, Q3 & Q4). Field experimental plot was made in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement of twelve treatment combinations and three replications. The collected field variables were management variables (irrigation performances) and site variables (soil type, soil moisture and furrow bed slope). The results show that, influence of furrow irrigation inflow rate and irrigation systems on irrigation performance parameters were highly significant (P<0.01). However, no significant difference among irrigation systems were observed in case of distribution uniformity (Du) expect furrow inflow rate. Interaction effect of irrigation systems and furrow inflow rate on irrigation performance parameter such as Ea, Du and DP were significant (p<0.05) expect storage efficiency. The highest values of distribution uniformity were 93.45% was observed under CFIQ4 treatment combination while the least value of distribution uniformity was 81.58% was observed under AFIQ1 treatment combination. The highest values of application efficiency 68.35% was observed under AFIQ4 treatment combination and the least value of application efficiency 53.60% was observed for CFIQ1 treatment combination. However, the highest values of deep percolation loss 46.60% was obtained under CFIQ1 treatment combination and the least value of deep percolation loss 31.65% was found under AFIQ4 treatment combination. It can be concluded that best result in improving application efficiency, distribution efficiency, and storage efficiency with the reduction of deep percolation loss were obtained under Alternative furrow irrigation with maximum non erosive furrow inflow rate.
Abstract: Furrow irrigation has low irrigation performances due to inescapable irrigation water loss through runoff and deep percolation. This study was conducted under small farmers to study combined influence of furrow irrigation flow rate and irrigation systems on irrigation performance parameters. The purposes of study were to evaluate outcome of furrow ...
Show More
-
The Money Should Be Base Point in the Economy
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
56-60
Received:
24 July 2021
Accepted:
9 August 2021
Published:
23 August 2021
Abstract: In modern time the world really have forgotten what the money is. Why the humanity invented it, what was (and should be) its function in the society? Maybe it is better to compare this tool to other inventions done during centuries, used and developed? Why the society was developing the used units to make them as exact as possible? Here is a trial to show that the society step by step developed the tools of social cooperation. Mainstream goal always was to find better possibility to make honest contracts, to do easy exchanges, to trade easily. To look at in history it is possible to see how it was changing all the measurement units during time: many different measure unit of weight mainly came into one precise kg, many different measurement units of length mainly came into one precise Meter, many different measurement units of time came to second, so, nowadays kg, meter, second and some more different units are most precise ones and used by humanity as they are very usable in the contracts. The money too, in the 19th century came to gold (and silver) and became most trustable tool of measurement of value. And something happened in 20th century, something what the money did not deserve. Modern world has stepped back in case of money.
Abstract: In modern time the world really have forgotten what the money is. Why the humanity invented it, what was (and should be) its function in the society? Maybe it is better to compare this tool to other inventions done during centuries, used and developed? Why the society was developing the used units to make them as exact as possible? Here is a trial ...
Show More
-
Towards Programs Sustainability: An Exploration of Socio-Economic Determinants for Effective Community Participation in Development Programs in Tanzania
Daniel Wandera Clief Naku,
Jacob Kihila,
Eleuther Alphonse Mwageni
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
61-70
Received:
8 September 2021
Accepted:
24 September 2021
Published:
30 September 2021
Abstract: The Late President of the United Republic of Tanzania Mwalimu Julius. K. Nyerere in his book titled freedom and development published in 1973 once stressed that ‘if real development is to take place, the people have to be involved’. Similarly, several scholars strongly advocate for the involvement of people in development undertakings that have impact on their day to day lives. On account of such public outcry and views from various scholars with regard to the essence of peoples’ involvement in development initiatives within their communities, this study set out to empirically examine the determinants of effective community participation in development programs. Specifically, the study focused on exploring socio-economic determinants for effective community participation in development programs. The study employed a cross – sectional research design and a case study research strategy. Sampling procedures included purposive sampling for key informants and random sampling for programme beneficiaries. By using a 95% confidence level and Yamane 1967 formula for sample size determination, a sample of 316 program beneficiaries from three study areas of Arusha, Morogoro and Iringa within Tanzania were involved in the study. The findings of the study show that, despite of the existence of several socio-economic determinants for effective community participation in development programs, two determinants i.e., Resource availability and Literacy level of the participants were found to be the major socio – economic determinants for effective participation of community members in development programs. On account of these findings, the study recommends the need to ensure that issues relating to resource availability in any development program and literacy level of the participants need to always be looked into and addressed so that people can effectively participate with the intention of contributing to the sustainability of the program.
Abstract: The Late President of the United Republic of Tanzania Mwalimu Julius. K. Nyerere in his book titled freedom and development published in 1973 once stressed that ‘if real development is to take place, the people have to be involved’. Similarly, several scholars strongly advocate for the involvement of people in development undertakings that have imp...
Show More
